Stereotyping A Neverending Cycle - 993 Words

Stereotyping is a never ending cycle, one that occurs daily and victimizes everyone. According to Julia Marsh, Author of Barneys busted student for shopping while black. A young black man, recently was discriminated â€Å"On October 22, 2013, in Queens, New York, a nineteen year old black college student named Tayvon Christian, who is nineteen years old, walked into the store Barneys with the excitement of purchasing a designer belt by Salvatore Ferragamo. After making the purchase of the belt, Christian was grabbed and held in the security office by an undercover officer who then asked him how a young black man such as himself could afford to purchase such an expensive belt. The worker from Barneys assumed Christian was fraudulent, and made him provide his identification, debit card, and receipt from the purchase. Officers even called his bank to determine if it was really his card, and it was. Christian was released, by the officers and he is suing Barneys and the NYPD for unspeci fied damages (Marsh, 1). Tayvon was the victim of stereotyping. In today’s society stereotypes play an important role, because it is broken down into so many categories such as religion, homosexuality, and race. Stereotyping is widespread in America and all over the world. It is based on generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. Tayvon was a victim of stereotype because people tend to believe that majority of black males are thieves and do not have the money to purchase certainShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesHighland Park Public Library Strategic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6.1. Ten Reasons for Marketing Library and Information Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.1. The Life Cycle of Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.2. Organization Chart Showing Authority Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fi gure 7.3. Line and Staff Organizational Units . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.4. Organization

Biological Imperatives And Nutritional Concerns - 1977 Words

Safe and nutritious foods are critical constitutive facets of human health throughout the globe. Approximately one-third of the global population in the so-called developing world are currently nutrition and food insecure. Both biological imperatives and nutritional concerns undergird the need to achieve food and nutrient security, which have functioned as the driving forces behind the efforts of scientists to attain equitable food distribution among the populations throughout the world (2012). Genetically modified food has recently become a quotidian feature in the American food industry, as the U.S. has emerged as the largest producer of food and crops containing genetically modified ingredients. Indeed, a litany of advertisements have proliferated that tout the benefits of biotechnology to solve endemic world crises. Genetically modified foods, which are also referred to as genetically engineered or biotech foods that have been modified in a laboratory setting in order to cultivat e favorable and desirable traits that boost resistance in crops to herbicides while also enhancing their nutritional content. Scientists estimate that over sixty percent of processed foods in American grocery stores contain genetically modified ingredients that most consumers are not even aware of (Miller, 2005, p. 291). The most salient types of genetically modified foods include cotton, corn, soybeans, and grape seed oil. Questions about the safety of consuming genetically modified foods haveShow MoreRelatedEssay about Organic Agriculture991 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted because of increasing concern about the environment and food quality which are still the two main topics of the debate today. Unfortunately, in terms of food quality, it is difficult to prove that organic products are healthier than conventionally grown products. This is not because of a lack of information since there have been many studies conducted about: the health effects of eating genetectly modified produ ce, consumption of chemical residue and the nutritional value of organically versusRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1150 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity is Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns. This assessment tool incorporates eleven topics of health patterns. Health patterns of families evolve and are influenced from environmental interaction, developmental, cultural, biological, social, and spiritual factors. It is imperative to understand all patterns, as one pattern cannot be understood solely. The purpose of this paper is to review a questionnaire of the eleven topics of Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns from a family perspective. The familyRead MoreConsumer Protection1110 Words   |  5 Pagesmodifying their marketing, to improve the availability of nutritional information, and add healthier options to the menu. In Terms of McDonald a relevance consumer protection agencies include the FDA, the food and drug administration, as well as the FTC, the federal trade commission, All case concerning consumer protection are general mediated or handled through them on some level. Obesity has become an epidemic and an important public health concern. Because the problem is multidimensional, the solutionRead MoreThe Global Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity2874 Words   |  12 Pagesmeaning linguistically and in terms of its meaning as a global problem, including the physical and psychological risks it entails. A biopsychosocial approach is applied to analyze the potential factors implicated in its manifestation. With this, biological, psychological and social factors are reviewed as to get the most comprehensive understanding of childhood obesity. Next, a review of the literature is presented as to view the diverse methods used in the past to tackle this issue. Lastly, a newRead MoreDepending on Horseshoe Crabs and Bait for Nutrition834 Words   |  3 PagesRecently, various user groups have relied on horseshoe crabs for bait and nutrition. While concerns have arisen that the horseshoe crab populations are declining, management of the American species of horses hoe crabs has been surrounded by controversy (Davis et al., 2006). Historically, horseshoe crabs have been considered a â€Å"trash-fish†, not worthy of resources to establish their population data. As a result, reporting regulations and harvest restrictions associated with this fishery have been lackingRead MoreFamily Health Assessment Gcu1423 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify and evaluate the family’s health concerns, their life style and also helping families make good decisions regarding their family’s health. Family’s perception towards health and health promotion could be very different and unique, which makes the Family health assessment even more challenging for the nurses and health care professionals. Nurse’s have a moral obligation towards the society to help them promote their families health. The family means biological parents and children living togetherRead More Caring for Older People Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagescontinued care (Mo rrissey et al, 1997). This essay discusses the strategies of care delivered for an older person with dementia during my recent clinical placement. Discussions will focus on normal ageing process taking into account the relevant biological, sociological and physiological perspectives and the impact this had on this individual’s life experience. Ropers’ model is used as a frame work in which cae is delivered. Other related issues to be considered include the role of informal carersRead MoreObesity Is A Major Public Health And Economic Problem Within Populations2781 Words   |  12 Pagesobesity is popularly considered to be an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure.8, 10 In relation to today’s population, this imbalance is a result of complex interactions between biological susceptibility and socio-environmental influences. Similarly, behavioural economics suggests the dynamics between biological forces and circumstances deduce healthy eating and physical act ivity and can potentially be beyond individual control.11 Hence, policies and interventions targeting such contextual forcesRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Severe Mental Illness1974 Words   |  8 Pages Anorexia nervosa is a severe mental illness which carries mental, physical and psychological consequences. It is often characterised by low body weight and image distortion, along with obsessive concerns and fears about the gaining of weight.(1) This constant anxiety of weight gain manifests itself through the deprivation of food and excessive exercise. Anorexia Nervosa can broken down further into the restricting type where weight loss is achieved through the restriction of calories,(2) or theRead MoreGenetic Engineers Are People Who Alter The Deoxyribose1781 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic engineers are people who alter the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) of organisms. These engineers do this in order to enhance/modify the characteristics of an organism. With this process, vegetation can become bug-resistant and/or have better nutritional value. Deists have disliked the field of genetic engineering due to the belief that genetic engineers are â€Å"playing God.† Despite the opp osition by religious people and the secular society, one would believe that genetic engineering has the potential

Antonio Canovas Sculpture Psyche Revived by Loves Kiss free essay sample

Hilary Sans GEN 143 A Assignment 1 Word Count: Antonio Canovas Sculpture: Psyche Revived by Loves Kiss This statue follows a common theme about the Ancient Greek Gods and Goddesses, which have always had an intriguing amount of drama. This in which gave the sculptors and artists of many decades time to express these feelings throughout their work. This particular sculpture is done by Antonio Canova about the story of Psyche and how Cupid awoke her with a kiss after completing tasks put forth to her by Venus. With a undeniable theme of Lust or Love, this piece most efinitely had caught my eye. Just another girl getting caught up in those mushy love stories! When taking a look at this piece of artwork, the first thing I noticed was the way that Cupid is holding Psyche in such a delicate manner, and also how Psyche is caressing Cupids hair. We will write a custom essay sample on Antonio Canovas Sculpture: Psyche Revived by Loves Kiss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is definitely an act of care towards each other, and is an obvious display that Cupid is rescuing Psyche from her deep sleep. Little did we know, that Cupid was sent to make Psyche fall in love with a monster but fell for her beauty and instead pricked himself with the arrow so that he would fall in love with er. Another characteristic that I called attention upon was the very soft lines in which their body is positioned. This conveys a much more frangible moment and a more elegant movement in the piece. With this delicateness of the curves, I also noticed that Cupid looks like he is almost balancing on his toes. This implies that he is light and flighty as Cupid should be. He does not have a muscular structure because Canova probably wanted to capture the fact that Cupid is not usually considered a powerful God, but more of a young boy. Cupid is also grasping Psyches breast hich, once again, implies that he is the God of lust which is usually associated with the act of physical relations with one another. This art piece was created with the neoclassical style which uses a lot more emotion in the facial features and their limbs were sculpted in such a manner that looks like they could move. This sculpture also shows narrative and tells the story, the story between the two characters. Their positioning shows what may happen next, and obviously Cupid (the God of Lust himself) has fallen for Psyche. This style also ses a imperfect forms of the body, the limbs are elongated and dramatic. In previous art periods, the imperfect body was not accepted as true fine art and going artist. Overall, this piece has been able to capture the beauty between the two lovers and a definite story told of lust for another despite what Cupids mother, Venus, had ordered him to do out of Jealousy. I must say that I really enjoyed stumbling upon this piece and it had intrigued me to take a look at more of Antonio Canovas pieces. Lust? Love? Who knows what it was, but the sculpture is gorgeous.

Management Information Systems †Case Study

Introduction Businesses require constant information to be processed and disseminated to the relevant stakeholders on time. To achieve this, they need Management Information systems.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Information Systems – specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Management Information System is a set of connected apparatus, mostly computerized combinations that continuously acquire raw and needed data from within and outside a particular firm. Consequently, the data is processed and stored in a central place called database, where it is always updated and availed to those with authority to access it (Business Dictionary.com). There are several applications that are described in the case study. In a community medical center known as Doylestown, an application, Meditech, is in place. In the same medical center, another application, titled Epocrates Essentials is described. Another ap plication, which is ChainLinq Mobile application, is described as used in D.W. Morgan, being a supply chain, transportation and logistics service provider. Lastly, the iPhone camera is described in regards to a firm known as Aedas Sport. Business Functions Supported Meditech conveys data on crucial signs, drugs, lab results, aversions, notes by nurses, results from remedial treatment, as well as patient food straight to the doctors’ phone. Epocrates Essentials, an aesculapian reference tool is used to help doctors to decode laboratory outcomes and procure medical data. ChainLinq assists in updating of shipment information, collection of signatures, as well as provision of global positioning system locations to each individual box delivered. It has afforded Morgan the ability to present an attestation of delivery promptly. The iPhone camera has been used by designers and architects to take pictures of designs, models, and construction sites which are in turn sent to prospectiv e clients to Aedas Sport. How do they Improve Operational Efficiency and Decision Making? Meditech application enables doctors to be on call wherever they may be through sending them sensitive alerts through their emails from their work stations. This allows the doctors to make decisions quickly and long before they even get to the hospital. ChainLinq application has reduced the time needed to provide proof of delivery from half a day to immediate. The iPhone camera has enabled Aedas Sports to productivity jump to 400 percent. In addition, iPhone has facilitated the building of a large chronicle of observable assets almost effortlessly.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problems Solved. First and foremost, the problem of mobility was solved for doctors in Doylestown meaning that doctors can still communicate even while not in the vicinity of the hospital. Thanks to ChainL inq, Morgan does not have to make numerous phone calls so as to track and proof deliveries. The customers as well are in a position to be aware of the status of their deliveries by logging in to the company’s website which is updated by the servers throughout. Businesses most likely to Benefit Among other businesses, the following will likely benefit. The Health sector will benefit when their employees are equipped with mobile digital devices. This will assist them in keeping in touch with their employers as well as patients’ history whenever needed. They can make decisions and communicate immediately. In addition, they will be able to make accurate calculations on laboratory results using the devices. Courier businesses are to benefit as well through tracking of their parcels as well as tracking the exact position of the mode of delivery, for example, trucks among others. In addition, these businesses will get proof of delivery in real time thus increasing efficiency and therefore, staying calm without having to make numerous phone calls to track the process of delivery. Designers and architectural businesses also stand to benefit from mobile devices. The iPhone will especially make it possible to get clear and professional photo shots, compile them into journals and send them to potential and actual clients. Supply store chains like Wal-Mart are likely to benefit, too. As soon as a customer buys a certain item, the supplier through the iPhone is alerted to ship replacement for the item. The supplier is able to know what quantity is needed as well. The banks are the ones that get lot of beneficiaries. The managers get real-time data in regard to customer complaints, network performance and line outages. The motor industry is set to benefit greatly too. For instance, Toyota uses Toyota Production System to achieve high levels of efficiency and quality. This gives them a competitive edge over their rivals. This arises from the fact that they charg e less for superior products, as well as give better responses to suppliers and customers through the system.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Management Information Systems – specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The iPhone is an Industry Changer This statement is about the change in communicating with suppliers and customers. The industry has changed through using iPhone since communication is conducted in real time. In the supply chain, transportation and logistics industry, where D.W. Morgan belongs, the firm is able to track every detail; it takes few minutes to do so. In other words, they make delivery in real time while it takes their competitors up to twelve hours to do the same task. This case study on Management Information Systems – was written and submitted by user Mathemanic to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Schwarzenegger Essays - English-language Films,

Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzennegger was born on July 30, 1947 in a little town called Graz, in the Styria province, of Austria. During his early childhood in Graz, Austria, Schwarzenegger was encouraged by his father to become involved in athletics. Schwarzenegger means black plowman in Deutsch. At age 15 he discovered weightlifting, which led to the title of Mr. Universe at age 20, followed by an unprecedented 13-world bodybuilding titles. His motion picture career began in 1977 with his role in the critically acclaimed Pumping Iron, a feature-length documentary about the Mr. Universe competition, which revealed his engaging natural presence before the camera. Director Bob Rafaelson immediately cast him in a key role opposite Sally Field and Jeff Bridges in Stay Hungry. His performance garnered winning reviews and a Golden Globe Award as "Best Newcomer in Films." In 1978, Arnold put aside his mantle as Mr. Universe to pursue acting full-time. He starred with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the romantic action-comedy Western, The Villain, and took the part of Mickey Hargitay in the television movie The Jayne Mansfield Story. Schwarzenegger made his breakthrough role in director John Milius' Conan the Barbarian, the comic-book super hero of the mystical Dark Ages. The film grossed over $100 million worldwide, spawned a popular sequel, Conan the Destroyer, and earned Schwarzenegger a devoted following. In 1983, soon after becoming a naturalized citizen, Schwarzenegger took a chance on a low-budget independent film by an unknown director. James Cameron's futuristic thriller The Terminator was a runaway hit at the box office and was cited by Time Magazine as "one of the year's Ten Best Films." The success of The Terminator placed Schwarzenegger at the front rank of Hollywood stars. Over the next few years, he became virtually synonymous with the phrase "action hero," largely due to the phenomenal success of a series of crowd-pleasing action adventure films: Commando, Raw Deal, Predator, The Running Man and Red Heat. In 1988, Schwarzenegger realized yet another of his goals as a film star when he approached Ivan Reitman to showcase Arnold's previously untapped talents as a comic actor. The result was Twins, in which Schwarzenegger starred with Danny DeVito. The film's triumphant success paved the way for the trio's reunion with Junior. In 1990, Schwarzenegger delivered a "one-two punch" with the futuristic action-thriller Total Recall, followed that Christmas by Ivan Reitman's heartwarming comedy Kindergarten Cop. His greatest commercial success to date has been Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the big-budget sequel to his sleeper hit, which earned more than $506 million worldwide. The National Association of Theater Owners invented a new award to present him at the ShoWest convention in February of 1993: "International Star of the Decade." The following summer came Last Action Hero, which grossed $168 million worldwide. Arnold Schwarzenegger has been active behind-the scenes of movie-making since 1990, when he made his directorial debut on The Switch, an episode of the popular HBO Tales from the Crypt. He also directed a remake of the holiday classic Christmas in Connecticut for Turner Network Television (TNT), starring Dyan Cannon, Kris Kristofferson and Tony Curtis. During President George Bush's administration he served as Chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, and is the author of numerous books on health and fitness. Since 1979, he has served as the International Weight Training Coach for the Special Olympics. Beginning in 1991 he became involved in the Executive Commission of the Los Angeles inner city Games, a mini Olympics designed to help kids say "no" to drugs and violence and "yes" to fitness as a way of life. He sees athletics as a positive alternative to drugs for urban youth, a way to build self-esteem, a way to learn goal setting and build camaraderie in a clean lifestyle. Schwarzenegger now chairs the Governor's Council of Physical Fitness in the state of California. And is also chairman of the inner city Games Foundation, a program that has expanded to 10 cities and is continuing to grow. In 1991 he received the Simon Wiesenthal Center's National Leadership Award for his support of the organization's Holocaust studies. He has produced bodybuilding competitions in Columbus, Ohio for two decades and began the Annual Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic there in 1989. Continuous growth and popularity of the Schwarzenegger Classic led to the addition of a Fitness EXPO in 1993, the Ms. Fitness (R) World competition in 1994 and the Arnold Martial Arts Festival in 1996. Arnold Schwarzenegger's keen determination and pursuit of excellence have brought him a broad range of career successes in athletic competition, film acting and direction and business ventures.

Free Essays on Containment

The Walnut that was Containment Containment was a foreign policy adopted by the United States in order to meet the global communist challenge. The Truman administration’s plan to accomplish the goal of containment was to implement the Marshall Plan and to utilize NATO to its full political, and if necessary military, potential. The accepted premise in the American government during the late forties and early fifties was that communism flourished on anarchy and poverty. The natural response was to stabilize vulnerable areas through economic aid (Ambrose 77). The Marshall Plan was designed to rebuild the economic system of Western Europe (McCormick 54). The United States government reasoned if Europe was not restored, it might be susceptible to political volatility and, even more fearful, communist infiltration and insurrection. The Marshall Plan provided for billions of dollars to be injected into Western Europe. It was supposed to accomplish containment by rejuvenating and strengthening the shattered economies in Western European countries and to encourage democracy in these countries. The American government hoped that this economic influence would help fight internal and external communist forces. The Marshall Plan worked well to support pro western governments in Europe. If the plan had not been effective, then more countries, for example Italy or Greece, might have been lost to communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created to promise collective security to the nations that signed the alliance. It was the muscle that backed up the containment policy in Europe. If any of the allied countries were attacked, then NATO would be called upon to defend these nations. Naturally, the United States bore the greatest burden in this relationship, financially and in terms of manpower. NATO effectively executed its share of the responsibility of containment, for example: the Berlin Airlift in 1948. If it... Free Essays on Containment Free Essays on Containment The Walnut that was Containment Containment was a foreign policy adopted by the United States in order to meet the global communist challenge. The Truman administration’s plan to accomplish the goal of containment was to implement the Marshall Plan and to utilize NATO to its full political, and if necessary military, potential. The accepted premise in the American government during the late forties and early fifties was that communism flourished on anarchy and poverty. The natural response was to stabilize vulnerable areas through economic aid (Ambrose 77). The Marshall Plan was designed to rebuild the economic system of Western Europe (McCormick 54). The United States government reasoned if Europe was not restored, it might be susceptible to political volatility and, even more fearful, communist infiltration and insurrection. The Marshall Plan provided for billions of dollars to be injected into Western Europe. It was supposed to accomplish containment by rejuvenating and strengthening the shattered economies in Western European countries and to encourage democracy in these countries. The American government hoped that this economic influence would help fight internal and external communist forces. The Marshall Plan worked well to support pro western governments in Europe. If the plan had not been effective, then more countries, for example Italy or Greece, might have been lost to communism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created to promise collective security to the nations that signed the alliance. It was the muscle that backed up the containment policy in Europe. If any of the allied countries were attacked, then NATO would be called upon to defend these nations. Naturally, the United States bore the greatest burden in this relationship, financially and in terms of manpower. NATO effectively executed its share of the responsibility of containment, for example: the Berlin Airlift in 1948. If it...

Review7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review7 - Assignment Example His determination and strategically planning has been highlighted in the video clip. The interesting fact about this video clip is how it elaborates about the history of the city in precise time in a compact manner. The video has extensively covered all the major efforts of the mayor and also gives a brief and well versed political background of the mayor. The video is compiled in a catchy manner, where in the audience get a bird’s eye view of the city mentioned in the clip. The clip shows the gratitude and honor the city dwellers carry in their mind for the city which is truly appreciative. It is impressive to see the love the people have for the city and to hear how they would like to remain in this place forever. The video clip is presented in a special manner where there is a surprise element. When the video clip starts, it seems to be just like a short documentary about a city in brazil, but as it proceeds it slowly reveal the sole purpose of it. It interestingly and surprisingly reveals the aim of unleashing the unique personality of the mayor who changed the face of a Brazilian city. The video introduces the Mayor who is honored by all since many years because of his dedication to the city and the state as a whole. His plan for the city and the implementation of it is evident in all nook and corner of the city. He changed the infrastructure of the city roads and established road system for comfortable traffic movements. The contribution of the mayor is majorly evident in this video and the manner in which people idolize him is outstanding. The video showcases the mayor ship of this celebrated person of Brazil and his strategy of cleaning the slums and poor and unclean areas of Brazil. The poor were motivated to collect garbage in return of fresh vegetables and fruits which was a great nutritional aid to them. It is also hair rising to watch the road design implemented by the Mayor for the up gradation of city, which in many years proved as a

Motivational Interviewing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivational Interviewing - Case Study Example Approaching verbal abuse requires entails a set of five changes before the client can come into an outcome. The first stage is the precontemplation stage whereby the client is unaware of the need to change hence does not intend to change. The second stage is the contemplation stage whereby the client is aware of the need to change but has not made the decision yet. Thirdly is the preparation stage whereby the client makes decides to take a step towards change in the future and has already tried changing but has been unsuccessful. The fourth step of change is action in which the client has started working on the change with measurable success but not the full expected outcome. The fifth stage is the maintenance stage whereby the client has already attained the set goal and is now working maintain the acquired status (Cormier, Nurius, and Osborn, 2009, p.231). In response to the different stages of change, I intend to follow through a set of interventions specific to each step of change. During the precontemplation stage, I should keenly listen to the client while ensuring comfort as a measure of encouraging the client to transition to the next stage. In response to contemplation stage, I should focus on educating the client about change while focusing more on the advantages in support of the client’s ambivalence about the change. During the preparation stage I should take the client through the possible alternatives while emphasizing on trying some of them. This is meant to give the client a taste of the change process thereby encouraging change acceptance. During the action stage my main role is to take the cline through appropriate strategies to prevent backslides once the expected goal is achieved. Finally, interventions in the maintenance stage are meant to provide emotional support to the client once the change has taken effe ct. After successfully going through the change process it is important

What Is Globalization Critical Issues For International Trade Term Paper

What Is Globalization Critical Issues For International Trade Liberalisation - Term Paper Example RY In the book â€Å"A History of the World in 6 Glasses† Tom Standage described the continuous cyclical changes in the world through the different ages. He pointed out that the process of globalization has been a 20th century phenomenon which has certainly facilitated the globally operating companies to entertain major financial returns by becoming globally recognized brands. In this regard Standage highlighted that hunger can be less deadly than the thirst. A person may survive without taking food for a few weeks. But without taking liquid he/she cannot survive. Human generates drinking habits to live. Thus, in order to leverage this benefit entrepreneurs or inventors invented six different drinks for the human beings. According to the author, the invention of these drinks primarily caused the advent of globalization. These drinks include beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea and cola. Among them caffeine contained in three drinks and alcohol contained in three. Initially, beer w as made in 3000 BC. In the ancient Greece, wine was the main exportable product. After the invention of spirits coffeehouses were the main centers for the intellectual exchange. After 100 more years, the Chinese started taking tea which became quite popular in Britain in following years. Finally, carbonated water was invented for the very first time and Coca-Cola was the inventor. Cola started the flow of globalization. From the above discussion, it can be said that six different glasses started the age of globalization (Standage 1-100). In his book ‘Ways of the world: A brief global history Volume 2 since the 15th century’ Robert W. Strayer described how global economy has accelerated since 1945. The pace of globalization increased after the era of Second World War. Most commonly, it signifies...It is a kind of international integration to exchange the products, ideas and views of the participating countries. Exchanges of cultural and national resources can be done wit h the advent of globalization. Globalization has further facilitated in enhancing the amount of cross-cultural trade activities which in turn has made the world to be regarded as a global village. This has enabled to reduce cultural barriers by a considerable extent. In this context, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has propounded four basic kinds of aspects related to globalization. This can be distinguished as migration along with movement of people, investment and capital movements, trade and transactions and lastly diffusion of knowledge. Globalization generally refers opening up or liberalization of the countries. It generally includes deregulation of markets and privatization of the assets, the integration of capital markets and the inter-national distribution of the manufactured production also known as foreign direct investment. Globalization facilitates to keep the life of the people healthy. It broadens the chance to build an industrial segment which leads to create more and more jobs. As incomes are being generated at a more rapid pace, thus the gap between the poor and the rich is also diminishing.

BIC Cello Pens Company Analysis

BIC Cello Pens Company Analysis CELLO WRITING INTRUMENT CONT. PVT. LTD A Quote by me For th All Mighty PEN: â€Å"This pen will seem to be a very simple one but it is for all those who signature with pride and dignity the one who kisses it saying good luck before writing an examination all for who write for a good cause (writers) in short this pen is all for ordinary people with extra ordinary soul and not only this but one who buy this pen will contribute to child relief fund. so you make your future better with this pen† I have chosen CELLO WRITING INTRUMENT CONT. PVT. LTD. because this is the only company in India which is catering to all the demands of Indian population, segmented in different categories. And also has 80% market share in the Writing Instrument industry. Now the first question is: Ques1. Which segments are being targeted and strategies used to influence the target segment. Ans. Cello has Indias largest range of smart looking, high-performance gel ink and ballpoint pens in different ink colours and at a variety of price points. Be it a school kid , a college student , a young professional or a senior executive, there is a Cello for every one. 1. School kids: Cello knows what are the demands and needs of a school going kid. The kids want a pen which looks good and smooth in writing as they have just opened up their account of pen after pencils. So this segment is basically the include kids and early teenagers who like CELLO ALPHA GEL For this they have contracted with distributors of school accessories to provide this gel pen in their shops. Its features which are given in the company profile are: Feather-Flo System: Ensures a feather like flow to your writing. Japanese Pigment Ink: Special ink imported from Japan. Water Resistant Ink: Special ink that doesnt smudge. At that time ADD Gel was the major competitor for Cello Alpha Gel but the companys promotional; strategy was to promote their pen in a way of â€Å"COST N STYLE† ie. this pen is less costly as compared to Add gel which was the major threat to the company. And the company has contracted with distributors which then ask the students to use this pen for free in order to have an exact feel to the user that this pen is also good. And for doing this the company has bear the cost of Rs.4,15,367. But this turned to be a great success, now everybody knows about Cello Alpha gel pen. So, this was their strategy in order to attract the target market, and the distributors also contracted with schools to provide this pen as prize to their students. And for this the company gave incentives to their distributors. So these were the kind of tasks which had been done by the company in order to fertilize the sale of their product which would not been accepted by proposed customers if they did not do that at proper time. CELLO GRIPPER also cater the market of kids because the cost of this pen is very low as compared to other ball pens and as its name suggests that its â€Å"GRIP† is its Uniqueness and this is a very good pen for the age group who has just started their account of using ball pen. So this pen provides help to this segment in using pen which was as simple for them because earlier they were using pencil or their usage was limited to gel pens only. And its cost is around Rs.8 which is quite affordable to this segment because this segment is not having much disposable income with them to spend. 2. COLLEGE STUDENTS: FEATURES given in the company profile: Cello Finegrip owns the very special Swiss Soft Tip that allows the pen to write soft and smooth. This elegant fine writer has the special German Fluid ink and the following features: Elasto Grip: Gives a good and comfortable grip while writing. Elegant, Slim and scratch-proof body. Click lock. Unbreakable lock. Writing length over 2000 mts. Now the company knew that this segment like to be stylish and cool thats why they have designed this kind of pen for this segment only. As its features gives us a glance of how the companies are looking at the minute things in order to make their product acceptable by the target market. Pinpoint has been introduced by cello company to target youth who like to have a free flow writing, and look smart and its price is reasonable. Preferred by most of the college going student due to its cost, flow of writing and looks. And the company also promotes this pen by the advertisement by Cricketer M.S. Dhoni and this advertisement was rated the best on-air advertisement in July, the Cello Pin Point pen ad had some help from cricketer M.S. Dhoni. The ad scored 73 on the ad reach index, with a brand recall of 93%. This survey was done by Mint Ad survey report for August Cello Pin Point Cricketer M.S. Dhoni is travelling in the team bus. Suddenly, he finds a boy dangling upside down outside his window, asking for his autograph. The boy is suspended from a bridge with a rope held by his friends. The boys pen doesnt work, so Dhoni uses his Cello Pin Point to sign. He advises the boy to use a Cello pen the next time. 3. WORKING PROFESSIONAL AND EXECUTIVE CLASS: The stylish Cello Powermaxx that has become the working professionals most preferred to the Cello Sapphire, Papersoft and Executive pens with a certain understand luxury that have become a common sight on the desks of senior executives. Theres also Cellos new range of Highlighters and markers that have carved out an enviable name for themselves in a very short time. And in order to attract this segment Cello has other strategies to do this. They have promoted this category pens by giving on internet, because this company thinks that this segment is the one which use internet extensively. In the Readers Digest (2007) it has been announced as the most trusted brand in the entire ASIA. Ques.2. Different promotional tools used and the strategy behind using these tools. Ans. Cello do PERSONAL SELLING- By personal selling by the representative of the company takes place face to face by final customer. And the cello does this when it has to promote its products with its business partner. And the strategy behind doing this is that if one has to influence the business corporate then one has to go personally and give their quotes and has to tell them that how their product would better suit them as compared to other available options. Thats the company has opted this promotion medium also. Basically what cello do, it does MASS SELLING to inform bulk of persons by advertisement. And the medium of advertisement is: By Radio advertisement: In Radio Mirchi, Big FM, 91 FM. Now the company has used this promotion tool in order to influence the mass, an the mass here the company is considering the school going segment and the college going student or we can say the youth. And this medium of promoting a product is best for attracting them towards their product because this is the segment which listens to radio the most. And this is from my view point would be the best medium in order to influence this segment. By TV Advertisements: 8 commercial TV ads are there which the company has made in order to influence the mass. And the Cello pin point advertisement has been ranked 1st by the Mint Ad survey http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbEHaf0naZY there are other writing instrument companies which promotes their pen through TV commercial but the edge which the Cello gets over the other is that it knows what the exact demand of the customers. This company knows that how to promote their product which would lead to a purchase by the customers. Now going through another ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJFHyV6RtO0 which gives the viewer an insight that how the exact need of them has been catered by the company, by providing the CELLO MAC GEL PEN which let one to write without the fear of drain out by the water and all that kind of stuff. So, here cello knows the need of the customers but if it didnt communicated this feature of their pen through any communication medium then how would be happen to inform the proposed customer about this new invention, which the proposed customer was starving to have. By Internet Advertisements: the company has targeted the working professional class by giving their advertisement on internet, which is commonly used by the high class people. The company think that this medium of communication would best suit them because this is the segment which spend most of its time surfing on internet. Ques.3 .Which strategy out of Pull or Push is used and why? Ans. CELLO has used both the strategy in order to promote its products: PUSH STRATEGY: If the seller makes his promotion by television or radio, its not possible for the buyer to interact with. The company is promoting its products through showing or giving its ad on TV and Radio, which means that the company is using PUSH STRATEGY. PULL STRATEGY: If the communication is made by phone or internet, the buyer has possibilities to interact with the seller. Now as I have given earlier that the company has used the internet ads in order to influence the business customers and the company is also using telecommunication medium in order to get the deals fixed regarding the quotes and other selling reasons. So, the CELLO is using both the strategies in order to have the maximum benefit which is must for every company. This company knows the demand of the time and change and upgrades its strategies accordingly; I think this is the best part of this company which leads it to have a share to 80% in the entire writing instrument market in INDIA. Ques.4. Critically Appraise the Promotional strategy of your selected brand. Ans. This company is the best till now, what I have read about it. But there are some loop holes which if which company pays attention then itll become even the more successful. B2B market: the important segment of every player in the market like: Parker is entertaining the Business Corporate like: Samsung Aventis Star NIIT American Express, Usha Titan, Wipro Birla Plus Dabur Nivea India Today Mc Dowel And Parker has used a strategy to cater this segment which providing separate brand for B2B LEXIs B2B partners are: PfizerLtd. Ranbaxy Ltd. Times of India Hindustan Lever Ltd. Tata Infotect Ltd. Procter Gamble This company also caters to the specific needs of their corporate partners LINC B2B partner are Airtel DHL Blue Dart Microsoft Music World Anderson Presto Aqua Java Reynolds promotes its products by providing: Student scholarship programs in schools Vending machines at schools and nearby places These are the features which are available or we can say that which are catered by the other companies and the area of improvement for my company which CELLO. So, even though my company is having the major market share in share in the writing Instrument industry but if it has to be successful in future and remain or even grow more it has to focus on these areas also It is using various technologies but the common man is not knowing about it, could be due to information gap ie. the company is not giving the proper information to him/her. This is another area where the company has to concentrate on. The technologies which the company is using are: InoxTip: Fibre tip technology that helps in smooth writing. LPHV: Low Pressure High Volume Technology that helps to reduce pressure on the paper. Elasto Grip: Elastic rubber grip to provide have perfect grip on the pen. Lubriflox: Used in the ball pen for free appropriate flow of ink. Lubri Gel: Used in gel pen for free appropriate flow of gel ink Feather Flow: used to reduce the weight of pens for the faster writing. These are different features which are not all highlighted in the advertisement, but can attract a larger chunk of proposed customer if the company focuses to highlight these features in their promotions strategy. The company should also focus on promoting its products by coming up with new range of gift pen which would further segment into two categories: Gifts pen for informal occasions which would be catering to the needs of youth, which would be trendy, stylish and last but not the least would be different from the regular pens. Gift pen for formal occasions which would be catering the needs of business corporate and this range should flexible enough to be customized according to needs of the proposed buyers. CELLO should also focus on print advertisement in business magazines; its a promotion media which is not properly used by this company. So, CELLO should also focus on these magazines, because these are mainly used by the working professionals and executives.

Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay

Particularly in the field of optical maser direct authorship lithography it is necessary to derive exact cognition about the form and features of the used optical maser beam, whilst a homogenous power distribution is an indispensable parametric quantity for qualitatively good and consistent consequences in surface structuring. Several â€Å" classical † methods in word picture of optical maser beams are already applied, such as: Knife border method Slit method Pinhole method CCD camera method These techniques will be shortly explained in subdivision 2. In fact, a optical maser beam ( â€Å" standard TEM00 † ) fades bit by bit, due to its Gaussian profile ( Figure 1 ) . Therefore it is necessary to find what is known as the Centre of the beam. Chapple [ 1 ] describes the strength profile I ( x, y ) as follows: where ten and Y are the cross Cartesian co-ordinates of any point, x0 and y0 mark the Centre of the beam and R is the 1/e2 radius. This definition is frequently used in theory. McCally [ 2 ] defines the Gaussian distribution of the strength I ( x, y ) by agencies of the beam radius R belonging to the 1/e irradiance shown in Figure 1 ( left ) . The emitted power of the optical maser beginning can be determined by incorporating the irradiance ( I ) , severally the optical strength I ( x, y ) , over the affected cross sectional country A:2. Techniques of beam profilingKnife border method To derive information about the power distribution across a cross sectional plane of a optical maser beam, the use of the knife border method is the most simple attack. Thereby, a crisp edged home base, e.g. a razor blade, is ab initio covering the whole optical maser beam in forepart of a power metre for continues wave radiation or an energy metre for pulse operation. By precise line wise supplanting of the knife border mounted on a additive motion phase, more and more optical maser radiation reaches the detector unit, until the whole beam is covering the feeling country. Figure 1 ( right ) shows the consequence of this measurement process: Due to the motion of the knife edge the value of the detected power additions steadily. The derived function of this power map P ( x, Y ) yields the two dimensional Gaussian profile of the power distribution across the optical maser beam ( Figure 1, left ) . Slit method A 2nd possibility to find the power distribution within a optical maser beam is similar to the knife border method: Alternatively of a crisp edged home base, a really narrow slit is step by step moved across the optical maser beam. As a stipulation for valid measurings the gap of the slit has to be smaller than the diameter of the considered beam is. Typically this gap is in the scope of some micrometers. Drawbacks of â€Å" traditional methods † The knife edge- every bit good as the slit method offer merely a limited measure of beam features: local â€Å" hot-spots † , i.e. countries of superior power, are undetectable due to the incorporating measurement rule. However this method is suited for speedy measurings to find the diameter and the class strength profile of the considered optical maser beam. Pinhole method This method measures the strength of irradiance through a really little hole in a home base ( pinhole ) confronting the optical maser beam. The strength of light go throughing through this pinhole is instead low, so that a photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) has to be used to observe the irradiance. Due to the feature of a PMT, e.g. its comparatively low signal to resound ration ( SNR ) , the collected informations are corrugated. However the strength distribution can be achieved within a local declaration of about 3micron by using a Gaussian tantrum. Therefore by transversal scanning across a optical maser beam, a high declaration image of the power distribution within the beam can be gained. Hot musca volitanss are noticeable and more elaborate characteristics can be located. CCD Camera method Differing from the scanning methods described above, the use of CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) cameras for the review of optical maser musca volitanss will give a really speedy feeling of the power distribution within the beam by merely a â€Å" individual shooting † . The quality of the image, e.g. the declaration, is straight depending on size and figure of pels on the CCD-Sensor-chip. Typically the pel size is in the scope of 6 microns2, linked to a entire figure of pels in the scope of 1 to 2 mega pels. By utilizing this method it must be noted, that dust and other drosss on the CCD bit can ensue in image deformation and/or misinterpretable beam characteristics. Furthermore, attention must be taken non to destruct the CCD bit by the incident optical maser beam.3. Beam word picture by agencies of optical fibers tipsTo get the better of the limited declaration of the CCD- and pinhole method, severally, a new strength profile measuring technique has been developed. Similar to the pinhole method described above, an optical fiber tip with an aperture of a few 100 nanometer is applied to roll up light by scanning across a optical maser beam transversely. A photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) attached at the out-coupling terminal of the fiber detects the gathered visible radiation during the scanning procedure so that a two-dimensional image of the strength distribution can be evaluated. By altering the sidelong place of the fibre tip, multiple cross sectional planes can be scanned, taking to a three-dimensional image of the strength distribution e.g. within a focussed optical maser beam.3.1 Near-field matching into the optical fiberâ€Å" Classical † attacks to picture the incoupling of visible radiation into the fibre tip fail, due to the really little gap of the fibre tip ( aperture ) , in the scope of some hundred nanometers, which is considerable smaller than the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation within the focal point. Due to this really little gap, one can speak about the so called â€Å" close field † To derive information arising from the close field and to transport this information into the far field, it is necessary to transform the evanescent Fieldss into propagating Fieldss. This could be done by seting a Centre of dispersing, in this instance the really narrow tip, into the close field. Thereby dipole- oscillations are generated at the boundary of this tip by agencies of the evanescent field ( Figure 2 ) . With: I µ0= vacuity permittivity ; =unit vector ; = wave vector: 2/ I » ; I†°= angular frequence of the oscillation and utilizing the dipole-moment: With: a=diameter of the gap ; I µr=relative permittivity The undermentioned footings for the far field ( R & lt ; & lt ; I »/2 ) and the close field ( R & gt ; & gt ; I »/2 ) can be derived, and one gets not-propagating every bit good as propagating field constituents: Respectively: The propagating field is straight linked to the close field and can be detected afar. The simulation of the electrical field generated by a plane moving ridge of 1 V/m, heading to a fibre tip, is shown in Fig 3. Based on an optical power of 10mW dispersed on an country of 1 square micrometer, ( which is a instead large country ) , one get by utilizing: with: I= Optical Intensity ; S=Pointing vector ; v=velocity ; E0=electrical field ; D0= electric initiation denseness ; n= index of refraction ( here air: 1.0 ) ; I µ0= vacuity permittivity ( rounded: 10-11 F/m ) = 1010 V/m It has to be noted that the field within the tip is exponentially diminishing ( refer to formula N ) and by this merely a really little portion of the generated electrical field, in this illustration 5*1010 V/m straight at the tip, can be detected at the out matching terminal of the fiber by the PMT.3.2 ApparatusThe PI P-854.00 piezoelectric actuator used in this apparatus has a displacement scope of 25A µm for all right placement and can besides be pre-positioned by a micrometer-screw more approximately. The sensing of gathered visible radiation is done by a Hamamatsu H5784 type photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) with an E5776 FC type adapter attached ( Figure 4 ) A fibre holder mounted to the piezoelectric actuator is used to take and protect the optical fiber tip during the scanning procedure. After elaboration ( x10 by transimpedance amplifier phase ) and filtering of the gathered strength informations it is converted into digital informations by agencies of a National Instruments 6025e PCI interface card.3.3 Fibre tip productionFor this application the optical fiber type used to bring forth the tips is a individual manner fiber manufactured by Newport. Its cut-off wavelength is optimised for the usage of optical masers in the wavelength scope of 400nm -500nm. There are two possibilities to develop the conelike tip of an optical fiber harmonizing to the petitions of a Scaning close field optical lithography ( SNOL ) – fibre tip: The optical fiber tip can be realised by: Pulling methods Chemical etching During the pulling process the optical fiber is preloaded before it is heated up locally with a CO2-laser or a heating-film and forced to run. As the thaw procedure begins, the puller stretches the optical fiber with extra force apart, so that the fiber is tapert first and eventually cryings itself bring forthing two tips. The belongingss of the optical fiber tips produced this manner vary on the different parametric quantities of the puller – as for illustration the drawing force. Normally, all pulled SNOL-tips show a really thin geometry ( e.g. Figure 4, left ) . This is particularly disadvantageous for the considered application, because this thin construction tends to flex and hover. More stiff fibers, which have tips with higher cone angle, are more suited Furthermore, these fibers tips feature a really little transmittal of 10-5 to 10-6 due to the long form of the tip, in which the visible radiation is evanescent ( exponentially diminishing ) . Larger cone angles and correspondingly a higher transmittal up to 10-2 is reached by engraved SNOL- fiber tips as used in this work. Several etching methods exist to bring forth fibre tips. The process used here is the so called â€Å" tube-etching † . After cleansing of the optical fiber by agencies of ethyl alcohol, the fiber is immersed into hydrofluoric acid. ( Figure 5 ) The undermentioned chemical reactions take topographic point to the Si contained in the fiber – and/or with the Ge at doped fibers: Tube-Etching is a farther development of the standard etching-method, invented by Turner in 1984, published by Stoeckel et Al. and Lambelet et Al. [ 4, 5, 6 ] This process improves the production of well smoother tip surfaces. At the tube-Etching process the coating of the optical fiber is non removed before the etching procedure. Due to gravity drawn debasement of the glass merchandises, a concentration incline arises in the hydrofluoric acid, which causes convection. The convection carries the hydrofluoric acid into the upper zone of the tip that develops therefore conically. To forestall corrosion by hydrofluoric acid exhausts at the upper parts the fiber, a light mineral oil was used as a dissolver to gain a separate stage above the hydrofluoric acid. The temperature during the production of the tips corresponded to room temperature. By completion of the tube-etching procedure the coating of the optical fiber is removed by dichlorine methane and the tip can be metallized, go forthing a little aperture.4. ConsequencesA trial rig has been build utilizing optical fiber tips for automized three-dimensional strength profile scanning ( Figure 3 ) . With this it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within optical maser beams. Due to the little aperture of the fiber tip even really little focal parts can be profiled with high local declaration. Corresponding package was developed to command the traveling x-y phase, every bit good as the omega actuator automatically utilizing LabviewA © . Therefore, it is possible to scan acro ss the optical maser beam tomographically, while roll uping strength informations. The information can either be displayed or visualised by agencies of the scanning package itself. Using a new developed package based on OpenGlA © , the strength informations can be displayed in a 3 dimensional image ( Figure 7 ) with the chance to revolve the way of position in all grades of freedom. Furthermore, different mathematical filters can be applied to better image quality. By scanning more transverse sectional planes, individual pieces can be shown in an â€Å" overlayed † manner, to detect the focal point â€Å" traveling † due to the sidelong alteration of the fibre tip ( Figure 8 )3. DecisionA fresh method for high deciding beam word picture particularly for little aperture optical masers has been described. With this automized 3- dimensional series scanning method it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within a optical maser topographic point.4. Figures / ArtworkFigure 1: [ left ] Theoretical power distribution within a TEM 00 optical maser beam can be described by a Gaussian profile [ right ] Integrated optical maser power measured with the knife border method as a map of the cross sectional co-ordinate ten. Figure 2: [ left ] E-field in the close field of the tip when illuminated by plane moving ridge with field strength of 1 V/m, polarised along the axes of the tip [ right ] Cross-sectional position of an optical fiber tip with an cone angle † I? † and an radius from the aperture rim † R † .The associated electric field lines are plotted in logarithmic mode [ 3 ] Figure 3: Principle and image of the apparatus for high deciding optical maser beam profiling Figure 4: Comparison of a fibre tip produced by the drawing method [ left ] and a fibre tip produced by etching [ right ] Figure 5: Conventional representation of the aˆztube- etching method † Figure 6: [ left ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 60min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" B † ) [ right ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 120min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" degree Celsiuss † ) Figure 7: Beam profile of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( declaration: 150nm ) Figure 8: [ left ] 12- measure sidelong scan through a ( TEM00 ) optical maser focal point of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( cross position ) [ right ] ( sidelong position )5 Literatures:[ 1 ] Chapple, P.B. , ( 1994 ) , Beam waist and M2 measuring utilizing a finite slit, Opt. Eng. , 33, 2461-2466 [ 2 ] McCally, R.L. , ( 1984 ) Measurement of Gaussian beam parametric quantities, Appl. Opt. , 23, 2227 [ 3 ] Drezet, A. , Nasse, M.J. , Huant, S. , Woehl, J.C. , ( 2004 ) , The optical near-field of an aperture tip ; Europhys. Lett. , 66 ( 1 ) , 41-47 [ 4 ] Stockle, R. , Fokas, C. , Deckert, V. , Zenobi, R. , Sick, B. , Hecht, B. , Wild, U.P. , ( 1999 ) , High quality near field optical investigations by tubing etching, Applied Physics Letters, 75 ( 2 ) , 160-2 [ 5 ] Lambelet, P. , Sayah, A. , Pfeffer, M. , Philipona, C. , Marquis Weible, F. , ( 1998 ) , Chemically etched fiber tips for close field optical microscopy: a procedure for smoother tips, Applied Optics, 37 ( 31 ) , 7289-7292 [ 6 ] Suh, Y. , Zenobi, R. , ( 2000 ) , Improved Probes for Scaning Near Field Optical Microscopy, Advanced Materials, 12 ( 15 ) , 1139-1142 6.0 Keywords: Near field, far field, optical maser beam, focal point, focal plane, fibre tip, pinhole, knife border7.0 Terminology:I= Intensity [ W/m ] P=Power [ W ] A=Area [ m^2 ] I »=Wavelength [ m ] E=Energy [ W/s ] I µ= Vacuum permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] I µr=Relative permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] =Unit vector =Wave vector: 2/ I » t=Time [ s ] I†°= Angular frequence of the oscillation [ s-1 ] =Dipole-moment [ AA ·m2 ] a=Diameter of the gap [ m ]

Epistles Of The French Revolution English Literature Essay

â€Å" It is with sorrow that I pronounce the fatal truth: Louis ought to die instead than a 100 thousand virtuous citizens ; Louis must decease that the state may populate † A Maximilien Francois Robespierre â€Å" Justice has its choler, my Godhead Bishop, and the wrath of justness is an component of advancement. Whatever else may be said of it, the Gallic Revolution was the greatest measure frontward by world since the coming of Christ. It was unfinished, I agree, but still it was sublime. It released the untapped springs of society ; it softened Black Marias, appeased, tranquilized, enlightened, and set fluxing through the universe the tides of civilisation. It was good. The Gallic Revolution was the anointment of humanity. † Victor Hugo â€Å" Liberty, equality, fraternity, or decease ; – the last, much the easiest to confer, O Guillotine! † Charles Dickens ( A Tale of Two Cities ) Helen Maria Williams was a adult female in front of her clip. While composing letters place to England during the Gallic Revolution, the convulsion and political turbulence around her closely mimicked the convulsion she was sing personally. An friendless amongst her friends, Williams ‘ observations and devastation are evident in her Letterss Written in France, in the Summer of 1790, a aggregation of her Hagiographas to friends and household still in England. As a adult female efficaciously on the front lines of war, Williams was able to capture the world of the revolution and record her observations in Letters, the recognized composing medium of adult females. Romanticism was an rational motion which began around the latter half of the eighteenth century and is was defined largely by alteration. Most humanistic disciplines, like music, poesy, literature, and even political relations began to accommodate in response to the disruptive societal clime seen in France during the Revo lution. Romanticism emphasized emotion, imaginativeness, and originality, which was in blunt contrast to the scientific discipline, ground and order defined by the â€Å" Age of Enlightenment † which came after the Revolution. Romanticism, as opposed to Enlightenment, concentrated more on the single author or creative person themselves, as opposed to the province or ground. Both ocular humanistic disciplines and literature, from the Romanticism motion, elevated and famed Nature as a wild Being, instead than as something that can easy be explained ground or survey. The Romanticism motion in literature evolved in response to the Gallic Revolution and instead than concentrate on ground and reason to explicate nature and adult male, Romanticism focused more on emotions and feelings to explicate and portray them. The poesy and Letters of Helen Maria Williams espouse the Romanticism ideals as they portend the hereafter of feminism and adult females who live their lives for themselv es. Helen Maria Williams straight confronted the ideals of the Revolution. Williams had relocated to Paris in 1792, and she was imprisoned for a short clip in the Bastille during the Reign of Terror. Both her clip in prison, and the atrociousnesss she witnessed during the Revolution, personally influenced her and straight influenced the tone of much of her work. While captive, Williams wrote many of her verse forms, like â€Å" Sonnet to the Curlew † , which trade with freedom and yearning. In the â€Å" Curlew † verse form, Williams identifies with a curlew and wants she could be every bit free as he is upon the air current. As Williams faced the Revolution of France, she began to confront a revolution of her ain that was reminiscent of the ideals of both Romanticism and Feminism. During her early old ages in France, Williams began a relationship with John Hurford Stone, a married Englishman and extremist militant. Though Stone divorced in 1794, it is ill-defined whether Williams and Stone of all time married and their relationship caused a dirt in England which resulted in Williams being personally attacked by the British imperativeness. Before Williams foremost visited France in 1790, she had been celebrated as a all right, feminine poet. After publically placing with the Revolution, Williams was denounced as a unblushing adult female who had developed debased political and sexual propensities. She had become a adult female who had â€Å" betrayed both her state and her sex † ( Blakemore 676 ) . In a Gentleman ‘s Magazine, a referee of her Letterss from France said of Williams â€Å" [ s ] he has debased her sex, her bosom, her feelings, her endowments in entering such a tissue of horror and villainousness and make bolding to diss a regular authorities and a happy people [ i.e. , the English ] with such inside informations, whose consequence, we defy her to demo has yet been productive of one individual good † ( Adams 114 ) . Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, referred to Williams as â€Å" a scribbling slattern † in his Correspondence and in Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine, Williams was portrayed as Lechery in a emanation of the Seven Deadly Sins. The magazine went so far as to province, â€Å" [ Williams has ] an inveterate hatred of all bing constitutions, by an earnest desire to advance their devastation, and by a disdain of truth, decency, and decorousness, which constitute the general features of a female head infected with the toxicant of democracy † ( Blakemore 676 ) . Williams was vilified by the imperativenesss, both at place and abroad, and it is apprehensible that she would seek a more hospitable venue to name place. For Williams, that welcoming topographic point was a state in the throes of civil war. In June 1794, Williams and Stone fled to Switzerland after a jurisprudence was passed by Maximilien de Robespierre necessitating all aristocracy and aliens leave Paris under punishment of jurisprudence. Williams and Stone remained in Switzerland for 6 months, and she wrote Tour in Switzerland which dealt with subjects including political relations, history, and nature. In response to the effects of the revolution, Williams said that she appreciated what the Revolution had done for adult females ‘s rights, but she openly condemned the force needed to accomplish it. In her letters, Williams ‘ response to the Revolution varies, frequently comparing the feminine civilization of the Revolution with the â€Å" Antient authorities of France † and she condemns the force much as she had during the American Revolution. aˆÂ ¦The executioner held up the hemorrhage caput, and the guards cried ‘Vive La republique! ‘ [ ‘Long live the democracy! ‘ ] Some dipped their hankies in the blood-but the greater figure, chilled with horror at what had passed, desired the commanding officer would take them immediately from the topographic point. The hair was sold in separate braids at the pes of the scaffold ( 100 ) . After depicting the scene of King Louis XVI ‘s decease by closure by compartment, Williams describes the wake in an about composure and calm voice, as though she had become asleep to the force of the Revolution aˆÂ ¦The devastation of the monarchy in France on the 10th of August-the horrors of the slaughter of the 2d of September, and so the decease of the male monarch, eventually alienated the heads of Englishmans from the Gallic revolution ; rendered popular a war, which otherwise no curate would hold dared to set about ; disgusted all wise, and shocked all human work forces ; and left to us, and all who had espoused the cause, no hope but that Heaven, which knows how to convey good out of immorality, would watch over an even so interesting to the public assistance to mankind as the Gallic revolution ; nor suffer the folly and frailty of the agents concerned in it, to botch the greatest and noblest endeavor of all time undertaken by a state ( 100 ) . Laetitia Matilda Hawkins, a coeval of Williams, wrote a response to each of Williams ‘ letters warning Williams for her positions on the Revolution Hawkins ‘s Letters conveys a sense of pressing crisis ; for her, the Revolution is a foreign invasion endangering English life and English womanhood-a Revolution turning the natural order upside down. She bases her response to Williams ‘s Letterss on a reading of the first two series ( in the Scholars ‘ Facsimiles & A ; Reprints edition, 1:1.1-223 ; 1:2.1-206 ) , in which Williams celebrates the function of adult females in the Revolution every bit good as their â€Å" topographic point in the universe † ( 1:1.27-8 ) ( Blakemore 677 ) . Although Williams seemed to appreciate what the Revolutionary civilization did for adult females, she did non O.K. of the force used to accomplish the alteration. Williams was going a newer, more self-asserting and unchained adult female than she was earlier. â€Å" In the old ages predating the Gallic Revolution, a patriarchal political orientation stressing proper female behaviour, the â€Å" natural domestic function of adult female, and her biddable subordination to her hubby ( underscored in assorted scriptural texts ) had been in topographic point for centuries † ( Blakemore 673 ) . After sing societal turbulence, imprisonment, expatriate from her adopted fatherland, and the loss of some of her closest friends, Williams emerged as a adult female who was non afraid to populate her life her ain manner. In Paris, as in London, Williams was introduced to and hosted many outstanding intellectuals and literary figures in her salon, such as Thomas Paine and Mary Wollstonecraft. Williams ‘ salon rapidly became a meeting topographic point for outstanding Girondins, but as the Jacobins gained power, many of her friends were arrested and executed. Williams wrote in a manner acceptable for adult females ‘s Hagiographas, the epistolary. Despite the controversial content of her Letters, Williams ‘ Hagiographas received by and large positive reappraisals from many English magazines. What negative reaction her authorship received, was in response to the manner and vocabulary she chose because she would frequently utilize Gallic colloquialisms and spellings which alienated many of her English readers. Williams lost about everything she held beloved during the Gallic Revolution. She had lost her fatherland, her freedom-for a clip, her friends, but she refused to lose herself. Because of Williams ‘ Letterss, readers have a adult female ‘s first-hand history of the political and societal turbulence seen during the Revolution. The singularity of the history contained within her Letters has assured Williams a topographic point in women's rightist survey, irrespective if that was her original purpose. Williams personifies all the ideals of Romanticism within herself and her writings-emotional entreaty to trepidation, horror and awe-and the sublimity of wild nature.

Structure Dependency and Grammar

Structure Dependency and Grammar The linguistic principle that grammatical processes function primarily on structures in sentences, not on single words or sequences of words is termed structure-dependency. Many linguists view structure-dependency as a principle of universal grammar. The Structure Of Language The principle of structure-dependency compels all languages to move parts of the sentence around in accordance with its structure rather than just the sheer order of words. . . .Structure-dependency could not be acquired by children from hearing sentences of the language; rather, it imposes itself on whatever language they encounter, just as in a sense the pitch range of the human ear restricts the sounds we can hear. Children do not have to learn these principles but apply them to any language they hear. (Michael Byram, Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge, 2000)All speakers of English know structure-dependency without having given it a moments thought; they automatically reject *Is Sam is the the cat that black? even if they have never encountered its like before. How do they have this instant response? They would accept many sentences that they have never previously encountered, so it is not just that they have never heard it before. Nor is structure -dependency transparent from the normal language they have encounteredonly by concocting sentences that deliberately breach it can linguists show its very existence. Structure-dependency is, then, a principle of language knowledge built-in to the human mind. It becomes part of any language that is learned, not just of English. Principles and parameters theory claims that an important component of the speakers knowledge of any language such as English is made up of a handful of general language principles such as structure-dependency. (Vivian Cook, Universal Grammar and the Learning and Teaching of Second Languages. Perspectives On Pedagogical Grammar, ed. by Terence Odlin. Cambridge University Press, 1994) Interrogative Structures ​One example of a universal principle is structure-dependency. When a child learns interrogative sentences, it learns to place the finite verb in sentence initial position: (9a.) The doll is pretty(9b.) Is the doll pretty?(10a.) The doll is gone(10b.) Is the doll gone? If children lacked insight into structure-dependency, it should follow that they make errors such as (11b), since they would not know that the doll is pretty is the sentence to be put in the interrogative form: (11a.) The doll that is gone, is pretty.(11b.) *Is the doll that (0) gone, is pretty?(11c.) Is the doll that is gone (0) pretty? But children do not seem to produce incorrect sentences such as (11b), and nativist linguists therefore conclude that insight into structure-dependency must be innate. (Josine A. Lalleman, The State of the Art in Second Language Acquisition Research. Investigating Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Peter Jordens and Josine Lalleman. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) The Genitive Construction ​The genitive construction in English can . . . help us illustrate the concept of structure- dependency. In (8) we see how the genitive attaches to the noun student: (8) The students essay is very good. If we construct a longer noun phrase, the genitive s will come at the very end, or edge, of the NP, independently of the category of the word: (9) [That young student from Germany]s essay is very good.(10) [The student you were talking to]s essay is very good. The rule that determines the genitives construction is based on the Noun Phrase: s is attached to the edge of the NP. (Mireia Llins et al., Basic Concepts for the Analysis of English Sentences. Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona, 2008) Also Known As: syntactic structure-dependency

The Female Breast In History Essays - Clothing, 19th-century Fashion

The Female Breast In History Essays - Clothing, 19th-century Fashion The Female Breast In History The Female Breast and the History of Western Civilization Throughout the ages, the female body has been revered as a work of art and beauty and as a source of life, from which all people are born. The breast is one of the most predominate features of a woman and stands out as a symbol of womanliness and livelihood. Eroticism, nourishment, abundance, hunger, feminine power, as well as feminine subservience, are different contradicting themes of the breast played out in time. Different repeating views of its importance and the way it should be displayed are used to reflect upon the views of women of the time and life in Western society in general. At times, it is near-worshipped as a sign of sexuality, or as a sign of nourishment. Other times it is secured down, sometimes a sign of the inferiority of women or, conversely, as a sign of women's liberation and their equality to men. Whether it is intentional or subconscious, how the breast is viewed throughout history is a direct reflection of the views of the time. Legends about the breast have appeared in a variety of cultures. Greek, Indian, and Native American myth all contain stories which involve biting a breast. For example, Hercules was said to have gotten his extra-human strength from biting the breast of Hera as an infant. This and other such stories can be symbolic of an attack on Mother Nature or the earth goddess, and of man's ability to overcome her (Latteier 146). Women with multiple sets of breasts are a reoccurring theme in Western society, symbolizing fruitfulness. The Greek goddess Artenis of Ephesus had nearly twenty breasts on her chest. Medieval Christian stories often involve the breasts and breast milk of the Virgin Mary. Next to the blood of Jesus Christ, her milk was the most holy and most miraculous of fluids, its wonders retold in numerous poems, stories, and songs (Yalom 44). She was said to have appeared to Saint Barnard when he was praying and offered him a stream of her breast milk to drink from (46). A fourth cen tury prostitute was said to have been spared the death penalty by baring her breasts to the judges, who were so impressed by their beauty that they acquitted her (20). Minoan society on the island of Crete honored the breast. Women's clothing was designed to let the breasts show through. Women were placed in high social positions and power. Their breasts stood for material wealth, political power, and sacredness. The Minoans are given credit as the first people to use a corset. They wore bodices that laced below the bust, lifting and exposing the breasts (Winston). Priestesses known as snake goddesses were notorious for large breasts and snakes that coiled around their arm, both symbols of their power, potency mixed with sustenance (Yalom 15). Classic Greek society praised masculinity and repressed femininity. Women were encouraged to stay at home and they few little rights. Only the Hetaerae, a special upper class of women, were able to participate in social activities of men. The apodemos, a linen article worn by the Hetaerae, was considered to be the first brassiere (Silverman). It, however, usually flattened the breasts instead of accentuating them, reflecting the anti-feminine views of the time. With the rise of Christianity, the breasts and the flesh in general were discouraged from being exposed. The stomach was considered to be more of an important center of female sexuality, with rounded bellies being more attractive (Broby-Johansen 131). This was modeled after the Virgin Mary whose round belly contained the savior (Yalom 40). It wasn't until the fourteenth century and the Renaissance that this began to change. Explosive creativity and art occurred despite great famine and disease. As people became more frivolous, clothing became more revealing, and the neckline lowered to show cleavage (Latteire 31). In the seventeenth century, the breasts once again became the predominate center of female attractiveness over the belly. It was fruitful like the stomach, but more sensual. It stood as a symbol of power and wealth at a time when mercantilism was on the rise in Europe (Latteire 32). The corset, which was previously used to flatten the breasts, was used

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Lab Report Example a series of experiments that involved mixing the various waste solutions, a mixture of barium sulphate (BaSO4), silver chloride (AgCl), Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and Zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) were obtained. All these are useful chemical solids. Sodium sulphate has several uses that include: manufacture of detergents, making textile and glasses and in pulping paper in kraft process. This solid is thus a useful product and can be sold t companies involved in textile, paper and detergent manufacturing. was found that besides it being possible to create useful solids as the one mentioned above, some of the waste solutions could also be recycled and be used for commercial purposes. Sodium hydroxide is one of the components found in the waste solutions and can be used in manufacture of paper, rayons, home cleaners and soaps. Sulphuric acid is another component found in the waste solutions and can be used in petroleum refining, in processing metals and in the production of fertilizers. Waste water can be used for irrigation, drinking or cleaning. Barium chloride, and sulphuric acid was another mixture that was investigated. is another solid that was found the mixture. This is another useful solid that can be utilized in production of medicine as a heart and muscle stimulant and as a water softener. Moreover, it can be used in the manufacture of boiler detergent, caustic soda, pigment, pesticide, stabilizer 4 and polymers. Barium sulphate was obtained by mixing barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as shown in the equation below: Silver nitrate has several uses which include making eye drops for children, plating jewelry and wrist watches, in dentistry, making mirrors and explosives. Hydrogen chloride is also useful in that it is used in electroplating, pickling and cleaning metals, as a anti-microbial agent, as a sensitizer in photography, decorating itching of high quality steel and making photochromic glasses. Nitric acid which is one of the end

Designing an Evaluation Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Designing an Evaluation Method - Assignment Example To determine what practices are used by long term facility to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). To develop an educational module for nurses on ventilator bundle for prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) To review and update the existing ventilator bundle protocol for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia in long term care. To determine a long term approach that is sustainable for the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention in long term care The overall goal of my Practicum Project The overall goal of my practicum report is geared towards the prevention of pneumonia that is associated with ventilator (VAP) using the ventilator bundle in long term care. My practicum report seeks to determine the practices that are used by the facility in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). At the end of the practicum, I will be able to achieve all my mentioned objectives and goals. With my overall goal as the basis of my practi cum project, I will put my focus in identifying and determining mechanism that can be used by long term facilities to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia. ... The resulting outcome being solely as a result of the practicum report The effect created by the practicum The evidence that the practicum actually works Evidences of improved prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia Determination of success and the benchmarks of the elements of evidence The success of the practicum outcome will be determined using the set benchmarks of the practicum. The success of the practicum therefore will be ascertained when the practicum’s set objectives are met. The practicum project has an overall goal of that is geared towards the prevention of pneumonia that is associated with ventilator (VAP) using the ventilator bundle in long term care. When this is achieved, I will be confident to pronounce success of the practicum. In addition, other benchmarks of the elements of evidence may include: achievement of the set objectives within the specified length of time; the achievement of the intended impact of the practicum; improved general health and q uality of life among the patients with ventilator associated pneumonia; improved lifestyle and disease management; and retained attitude, behavior and knowledge of the patients with the condition (ventilator associated pneumonia). Application of evaluation methods and the needed resources During the practicum evaluation, I will use various methods of evaluation to ensure success is achieved. The methods of evaluation that I will apply include process evaluation, impact evaluation and outcome evaluation. This will ensure that the practicum is evaluated in terms of the quality of practice, needed resources, policies, and personnel; short term outcomes of the practicum; and long term outcomes respectively. The

Chinese americans faceing discrimination in work and trade Essay

Chinese americans faceing discrimination in work and trade - Essay Example The first case was a judicial writ to the Supreme Court of the State of California while the second case was on appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for that district. The sheriff stated that the petitioner Yick Wo was found guilty by the Police Judges Court, No. 2 of not obeying the ordinances of the board of supervisors of that county and were rightly fined $10 and in case of non-payment, imprisonment for as many days as the fine amount in dollars according to the law. Now, let’s have a look at the ordinances. An order No. 1569 was passed on May 26, 1880, dictating the type of buildings where laundering activities may be carried. Section 1declared it mandatory to have the permission of the board of supervisors to run a laundry, exempting only brick and stone buildings from its preview. Section 2 declared it illegal to construct scaffolding for any purpose other than specified without taking permission from the supervisors. Further Section 3 of the Order provided with a punishment of one thousand dollars or six months jail or both to those found guilty of committing the offence. Another Order was passed on July 28,1880 bearing No. 1587. Sec. 68 of this Order declared it illegal to run laundry business within corporate limits of San Francisco without permission of board of supervisors except in a building made of brick and mortar. It was on record that the petitioner was a Chinese, living in California for the last twenty-two years. He had a license from the board of fire wardens. All concerned departments checked his premises OK. His license had run out on time and had to be renewed, permission of which was denied. There were at that time 320 laundries in the city of San Francisco, out of which 240 belonged to Chinese people. It was found that others were not prosecuted; only Chinese were discriminated to oust them from their dwellings where they were residing for the last many-many years and paying all taxes. This attitude was

The Changes in Representation of Teenagers in the Media Essay Example for Free

The Changes in Representation of Teenagers in the Media Essay Since the birth of the subculture teenagers, these stereotypically rude, rebellious and rowdy young adults have been included and represented in movies, plays and any other type of entertainment. In studying two separate films from two separate time frames, I have found that they depict teens in many different ways, although the root of their problems, values and attitudes are very much the same. This essay will explore and discuss these changes in representation, and will strive to discover the core reasons for this development. The two movies I have studied; Freedom Writers 2007, directed by Richard LaGrevense) and To Sir with Love (1967, directed but James Clavell), will be my main examples in this report, while also using other materials as backup evidence. Paragraph one will address how teenagers are represented today, and how they were in the past. Paragraph two will explore the reasons behind the differences in portrayal, and paragraph three will decide on whether or not this is a realistic representation of teenagers in society. Throughout the years, the ways teenagers have been depicted have changed ramatically in some areas, while staying completely the same in others. An example of this is the values of the teenagers in the two movies I have viewed. In To Sir with Love, the teenagers were valued relationships and being disrespectful, whereas in Freedom Writers, the teens valued respect and acceptance, but on the flip side, both movies represent the teenagers as rebellious, loud, hostile to those not of their social group, or those they do not accept, who are in search of an identity. These values and attitudes stem from broken homes and violence in both movies, as well as the want, nd in some cases need, for respect. No matter what decade you look at, you will find that this is a common basis of problems in the bulk of teenagers. In both movies, and many others beside, you will find that a majority of the teens have a problem with authority, and seek to disobey all powerful fgures at any possible time. Also, in almost all teenage movies, you have an antagonist, or one person who tends to make more trouble than the others. Sometimes its fairly obvious, an example being To Sir With Love, where the antagonist is clearly Denham (one of the students), but other imes it is not, an example being Freedom Writers, where there are certain students who make more trouble, but no defined antagonist. As you can see, over time values and attitudes may change, but the core root of where these problems have stemmed from does not. The main reason as to why the representation of teenagers has changed over time is because tha values and acceptances of the audience have changed dramatically. The media has to release entertainment suitable and appealing for its audience, otherwise it would receive no money because nobody is watching it. This means that Hollywood, and other people who make movies, must shape the content of their films as the values and interests of its viewers changes, so that it keeps the audience I have viewed are so different, is because the values and attitudes of the people in the decades they were released in were so different. For example, in To Sir with Love, there were almost no swear words, except for the occasional bleedin, whereas in Freedom Writers, there is a whole range of swear words used. This is but one example of the many differences in the representation of teenagers in movies. In my opinion, the way teenagers are depicted in the film world can be both realistic and unrealistic. Some examples of this in my two movies is the fact that To Sir With Love is a very sexist movie, which is a very real mirror image of London in the 60s (where it was set). Also, in To Sir With Love, it is very unrealistic that none of the kids swear, because the children of 1960 London would have sworn all the time. This also shows how the media shapes itself for the wants of its audience, as swearing on film was frowned upon. In conclusion, teenagers can be depicted in many different ways, as I have shown you n this essay, by use of examples, but the core root of their problems, as well as some values, attitudes and beliefs, tends to stay the same throughout the entire teenage history. In this report I have; addressed how teenagers are represented today and how they were in the past, explored the reasons behind the differences in portrayal and decided on whether or not this is a realistic representation of teenagers in society, also giving direct examples from the two movies I have done a study on; Freedom Writers and To Sir With Love.

The people’s opinion is directly pointing at well-known person Arthur :: Free Essay Writer

The people’s opinion is directly pointing at well-known person Arthur Radley, who is known as Boo Radley. Is it safe to have a â€Å"malevolent phantom† in Maycomb town? Many people’s opinions prove that having â€Å"Boo Radley† in our town is dangerous. Pragnesh Patel Staff reporter. According to Maycomb town’s citizens’ opinions it has been concluded that everybody should be aware of the other people living in their own town who can be â€Å"dangerous† for all. Its been heard that Boo is responsible for small-big crimes in town. Till now we haven’t noticed any major problem, but there are some possibilities about it. The people’s opinion is directly pointing at well-known person Arthur Radley, who is known as â€Å"Boo Radley†. From last 30 years no one has ever saw Arthur Radley in day, but there are some charges against him of creating disturbance at night. â€Å"Boo is a peeping Tom who sneaks out of his house and spies in people’s windows†, says Miss Stephanie Crawford. She also says that once she wake up in the middle of night and saw him staring at her through his window. Not so long ago when our town was terrorized by a series of morbid nocturnal events every person in town doubted on Radley’s for this events. Not only senior and adult people are known about Boo’s work, but even children are known and as well are afraid of this malevolent phantom. The children from school are afraid to eat nuts of Boo Radley’s house because they think that it might be poisonous. The other events that make Radley Boo dangerous are kind of familiar to us. About 30 years ago Boo locked Maycomb's beadle in an outhouse and drove an old car through the town square with his â€Å"gang†.

High School and School Counseling Interventions Essay

Instructions: 1. Using this template, complete your article critique and submit this document to Blackboard. 2. Summary must include all five criteria: a. Introduction and rationale for the research b. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article. c. Summary of research outcome. d. Two methods of applying this research to practice. e. Conclusion 3. To begin your summary on the next page of this template insert a page break. Use APA formatting. School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Introduction and rationale for the research In the fields of counseling, education, and psychology, there has been a strong emphasis placed on evidence-based practices to determine the effectiveness of school counseling interventions. In this article, two types of Meta-Analysis interventions were used during this study. Meta-Analysis 1 involved treatment-control comparisons and Meta-Analysis 2 involved pretest-posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was . 30. This study determined how effective moderator variables influenced effect size of, guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. Analyses of moderator variables are designed to determine the effectiveness of school counseling program activities in this article. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article The overall school counseling interventions produced an average effect size of . 30 which is significant. However, in this article, the average effect size of Meta-Analysis 2 intervention was not significant, only . 07. Previously research has found that meta- analyses using pretest-posttest typically produces a higher effect size compared to the more traditional treatment-control group comparisons. It’s difficult to determine the non-significant mean effect size for pretest-posttest meta-analysis. Additional analyses in the pretest and posttest form will need to focus on specific interventions and additional information regarding the effectiveness of specific strategies in school counseling. One of the common criticism of meta-analytic approaches is that studies with weak methodological rigor may artificially inflate average effect sizes(M. W. Lipsey,2003). M. W. Lipsey (2003) also argued that methodological moderator variables that often are assumed to be independent are not necessarily independent and carefully conducted meta-analytic reviews should explore methodological relationship patterns. The effect size of . 30 was based on 117 experimental studies that involved 153 interventions, which is a significant increase from the six studies used by Sprinthall (1981). Many more studies were conducted with elementary school students; however, school counseling interventions included in this meta-analysis appeared to be slightly more effective with middle or junior high students followed by high school students. Thus, these studies show a significant effect on school counseling interventions for all levels of K-12 education. There are also some limitations when meta-analytic techniques are used. The validity of effect size largely depends on the quality of studies that were included in the review. Some major limitations in school counseling research could not be addressed statistically. Also there are few studies that address the issues of treatment integrity. Only a handful of studies used treatment manuals or well-developed curricula. It was difficult for researches to determine what was effective because researchers could not determine what interventions were implemented with students. Another limitation was the elimination of 111 studies that had insufficient data or missing information. Another limitation from this article concerns the dominance of non-standardized outcome assessments in school counseling research. Meta-analysis also lacked long-term follow-up data. The lack of longitudinal data allows for the measurement and analysis of only short-term effectiveness. Another issue with meta-analysis research is that interventions focused mostly on specific interventions rather than comprehensive school counseling programs. There has been very few research studies conducted on comprehensive school counseling programs. Summary of research outcome. There were 118 studies that used meta-analysis 1, involving treatment-control comparisons and 153 school interventions; however, two studies were considered one study because of the same simple. Out of the 117 studies, 81 were published in journals and 36 were theses or dissertations. This meta-analysis study had 16,296 participants and the sample ranged from 8 to 5, 618, with the average study involving 139. 28 participants. From these studies, 50. 4% were elementary school students, 17. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 24. 8% were high school students, and 6% had a mixture of ages, and one study did not report the age of the student participants. There was an overall weighted effect size of 27% for students that received school counseling intervention compared to those students that did not receive school counseling intervention. The average effect size was significant. Also, there were a total of 33studies that used meta-analysis 2, involving pretest-posttest design; however, two effect sizes were eliminated from one study. Therefore, 31 studies that involved 51 school counseling interventions were used. The effect sizes calculated from these 31 studies involved 2,015 participants and the average study involving 62. 97 students and the sample ranged from 9 to 283. Out of the 31 studies, 17 were published in journals, 13 were theses or dissertations, and one study was an ERIC document. From these studies, 29% involved elementary school students, 12. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 54. 8% were high school students, and 3. 2% had a mixture of ages and grade levels. There was only a . 07% weighted effect size on pretest and posttest meta-analysis which indicates the average effect size was not significant. Two methods of applying this research to practice Firstly, my goal as an aspiring school counselor is to implement a comprehensive school counseling program for all students. I would provide a variety of interventions and activities using the four components of the delivery system of a school counseling program, guidance curriculum, individual student planning, responsive services, and system support. I would then, conduct studies in my school, collecting data, and determine which services students and the school will benefit from the most. This will help me determine what type of programs and activities are most effective for our students and school. Secondly, I would consider taking additional research courses to prepare me to contribute to the knowledge base of school counseling, while conducting research projects related to school counseling. Simply, there needs to be more and better research in the area of school counseling. â€Å"Without additional empirical support, some schools may eliminate professional school counseling programs†(Erford, p 68). Conclusion. From this research on meta-analyses not all school counseling interventions were equally effective. Additional research is needed to examine the impact these studies had on students from diverse backgrounds. Although more research is often a recommendation after completing a meta-analysis (e. g. , Ehri et al. , 2001; Swanson, 1999; Whiston, Brecheisen,& Stephens, 2003; Xin, Grasso, Dipipi-Hoy, & Jitendra, 2005), we contend that lack of methodological rigor and dearth of studies make the calls for additional sound research in school counseling particularly important. Also, the issues of treatment integrity and increasingly use standardized outcome assessments will enhance future school counseling interventions. From this study, one would learn that additional research is needed, however, from this research; data shows that school counseling interventions have a positive effect size on student outcomes. Furthermore, there were significant effect sizes for interventions at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. School counselors’ were able to increase students’ ability to solve problems while decreasing discipline problems. However, the researchers were unable to identify specific programs or approaches that produce positive outcomes. Additional research is needed to address what interventions for school counseling works, with what students, and under what circumstances. References Erford, B. T. (2011). Transforming the school counseling profession (3rd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, and Eder. (Winter 2011 Volume 89). School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Journal of Counseling & Development , 37-55.